MySQL Case-带你感受Oracle与MySQL下SQL执行效率

姚崇 • 2023-01-02 • 云技术社区 • 451 阅读

机器环境

Oracle

  • SGA 736M
  • CPU 信息
Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                1
On-line CPU(s) list:   0
Thread(s) per core:    1
Core(s) per socket:    1
Socket(s):             1
NUMA node(s):          1
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 85
Model name:            Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8255C CPU @ 2.50GHz
Stepping:              5
CPU MHz:               2494.140
BogoMIPS:              4988.28
Hypervisor vendor:     KVM
Virtualization type:   full
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              4096K
L3 cache:              36608K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0
Flags:                 fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single fsgsbase bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm mpx avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 arat avx512_vnni

主机规格

MySQL

  • innodb_buffer_pool_size 768M
  • 实例规格 mysql.n1.micro.1

通过上面环境对比看出，测试环境无大差别

表结构与测试SQL

Oracle中表结构如下，表中600万数据，测试表为分区表，这没关系，因为查询表中所有的数据，和单表一样

  CREATE TABLE "TPCH"."ORDERS" 
   (    "O_ORDERKEY" NUMBER(20,2) NOT NULL ENABLE, 
        "O_CUSTKEY" NUMBER(20,2) NOT NULL ENABLE, 
        "O_ORDERSTATUS" CHAR(10) NOT NULL ENABLE, 
        "O_TOTALPRICE" NUMBER(20,2) NOT NULL ENABLE, 
        "O_ORDERDATE" DATE NOT NULL ENABLE, 
        "O_ORDERPRIORITY" CHAR(15) NOT NULL ENABLE, 
        "O_CLERK" CHAR(15) NOT NULL ENABLE, 
        "O_SHIPPRIORITY" NUMBER(20,2) NOT NULL ENABLE, 
        "O_COMMENT" VARCHAR2(79) NOT NULL ENABLE, 
         PRIMARY KEY ("O_ORDERKEY")
  USING INDEX PCTFREE 10 INITRANS 2
MAXTRANS 255 COMPUTE STATISTICS 
  STORAGE(INITIAL 65536 NEXT 1048576 MINEXTENTS 1 MAXEXTENTS 2147483645
  PCTINCREASE 0 FREELISTS 1 FREELIST GROUPS 1
  BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT FLASH_CACHE DEFAULT CELL_FLASH_CACHE DEFAULT)
  TABLESPACE "TPCH"  ENABLE
   ) PCTFREE 10 PCTUSED 40 INITRANS 1 MAXTRANS 255 
  STORAGE(
  BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT FLASH_CACHE DEFAULT CELL_FLASH_CACHE DEFAULT)
  TABLESPACE "TPCH" 
  PARTITION BY RANGE ("O_ORDERDATE") INTERVAL (NUMTOYMINTERVAL(1, 'MONTH')) 
 (PARTITION
"O_ORDERDATE_01"  VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE(' 1992-01-01 00:00:00', 'SYYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS', 'NLS_CALENDAR=GREGORIAN')) SEGMENT CREATION DEFERRED 
  PCTFREE 10 PCTUSED 40 INITRANS 1 MAXTRANS 255 
 NOCOMPRESS LOGGING 
  STORAGE(
  BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT FLASH_CACHE DEFAULT CELL_FLASH_CACHE DEFAULT)
  TABLESPACE "TPCH" ) ;

MySQL下表结构，表中600万数据

CREATE TABLE `orders` (
  `o_orderkey` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `O_CUSTKEY` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `O_ORDERSTATUS` char(1) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `O_TOTALPRICE` decimal(15,2) NOT NULL,
  `O_ORDERDATE` date NOT NULL,
  `O_ORDERPRIORITY` char(15) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `O_CLERK` char(15) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL,
  `O_SHIPPRIORITY` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `O_COMMENT` varchar(79) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`o_orderkey`),
  KEY `orders_fk1` (`O_CUSTKEY`),
  KEY `i_orders_date_clerk` (`O_ORDERDATE`,`O_CLERK`),
  CONSTRAINT `orders_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`O_CUSTKEY`) REFERENCES `customer` (`c_custkey`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci

SQL如下，计算出每个员工最后成交的订单时间

SELECT
    *
FROM
    tpch.orders
WHERE
    (o_clerk , o_orderdate) IN (
        SELECT
            o_clerk, MAX(o_orderdate)
        FROM
            tpch.orders
        GROUP BY o_clerk);

Oracle中的效率

不创建任何索引情况下，执行效率如下

Plan hash value: 3518479617

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                    | Name     | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows |   A-Time   | Buffers | Reads  |  OMem |  1Mem | Used-Mem |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT             |          |      1 |        |   5335 |00:00:06.71 |     206K|    106K|       |       |          |
|*  1 |  HASH JOIN RIGHT SEMI        |          |      1 |   2494 |   5335 |00:00:06.71 |     206K|    106K|  1335K|  1335K| 1676K (0)|
|   2 |   PART JOIN FILTER CREATE    | :BF0000  |      1 |   4000 |   4000 |00:00:06.66 |     202K|    105K|       |       |          |
|   3 |    VIEW                      | VW_NSO_1 |      1 |   4000 |   4000 |00:00:06.65 |     202K|    105K|       |       |          |
|   4 |     HASH GROUP BY            |          |      1 |   4000 |   4000 |00:00:06.65 |     202K|    105K|  1214K|  1214K| 1570K (0)|
|   5 |      PARTITION RANGE ALL     |          |      1 |   6000K|   6000K|00:00:05.88 |     202K|    105K|       |       |          |
|   6 |       TABLE ACCESS FULL      | ORDERS   |     81 |   6000K|   6000K|00:00:05.86 |     202K|    105K|       |       |          |
|   7 |   PARTITION RANGE JOIN-FILTER|          |      1 |   6000K|  82351 |00:00:00.03 |    3173 |   1454 |       |       |          |
|   8 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL         | ORDERS   |      2 |   6000K|  82351 |00:00:00.03 |    3173 |   1454 |       |       |          |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - access("O_ORDERDATE"="MAX(O_ORDERDATE)" AND "O_CLERK"="O_CLERK")

很显然，如果优化上述SQL，Oracle中要建立o_orderdate和o_clerk的组合索引

create index tpch.i_orders_date_clerk on tpch.orders(o_orderdate,o_clerk) tablespace tpch;

创建索引后执行计划如下

Plan hash value: 1581592608

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                           | Name                | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows |   A-Time   | Buffers | Reads  |  OMem |  1Mem | Used-Mem |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                    |                     |      1 |        |   5335 |00:00:02.23 |   46776 |  33744 |       |       |          |
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS                       |                     |      1 |   5371 |   5335 |00:00:02.22 |   46776 |  33744 |       |       |          |
|   2 |   NESTED LOOPS                      |                     |      1 |   5371 |   5335 |00:00:02.18 |   41488 |  32741 |       |       |          |
|   3 |    VIEW                             | VW_NSO_1            |      1 |   4000 |   4000 |00:00:02.16 |   32767 |  32741 |       |       |          |
|   4 |     HASH GROUP BY                   |                     |      1 |   4000 |   4000 |00:00:02.16 |   32767 |  32741 |  1214K|  1214K| 1478K (0)|
|   5 |      INDEX FAST FULL SCAN           | I_ORDERS_DATE_CLERK |      1 |   6000K|   6000K|00:00:00.87 |   32767 |  32741 |       |       |          |
|*  6 |    INDEX RANGE SCAN                 | I_ORDERS_DATE_CLERK |   4000 |      1 |   5335 |00:00:00.02 |    8721 |      0 |       |       |          |
|   7 |   TABLE ACCESS BY GLOBAL INDEX ROWID| ORDERS              |   5335 |      1 |   5335 |00:00:00.04 |    5288 |   1003 |       |       |          |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   6 - access("O_ORDERDATE"="MAX(O_ORDERDATE)" AND "O_CLERK"="O_CLERK")

执行计划中显示2.23秒返回返回结果，没有此索引要6.71秒，执行计划也从hash自动转变为nested loop。datagrip中显示也是2秒多，如下图

  • 返回所有数据总共需要32秒873毫秒
  • 服务器端执行2秒578毫秒
  • 网络传输数据消耗30秒295毫秒

至此，Oracle部分分析完成，那么我们看下MySQL中的执行计划是什么样子的，执行效率是什么样的呢？

MySQL

MySQL中创建同样的索引，datadrip看到的结果

  • 返回所有数据总共需要25秒148毫秒
  • 服务器端执行9秒639毫秒
  • 网络传输数据消耗15秒509毫秒

重点来了

执行计划 format=tree

-> Filter: <in_optimizer>((orders.O_CLERK,orders.O_ORDERDATE),(orders.O_CLERK,orders.O_ORDERDATE) in (select #2))  (cost=586310.50 rows=5645000)
    -> Table scan on orders  (cost=586310.50 rows=5645000)
    -> Select #2 (subquery in condition; run only once)
        -> Table scan on <temporary>
            -> Aggregate using temporary table
                -> Index scan on orders using i_orders_date_clerk  (cost=586310.50 rows=5645000)

从上面执行计划看到，Using temporary说明用到了排序。

Extra这个字段中的“Using filesort”表示的就是需要排序，MySQL会给每个线程分配一块内存用于排序，称为sort_buffer。sort_buffer_size就是MySQL为排序开辟的内存sort_buffer的大小。如果要排序的数据量小于sort_buffer_size，排序就在内存中完成。但如果排序数据量太大，内存放不下，则不得不利用磁盘临时文件辅助排序。如上SQL就是由于sort buffer都不够了，使用到了磁盘。

要消除排序，因为group by的是clerk列，所以要创建如下索引

create index i_orders_clerk_date on orders(o_clerk,o_orderdate);

再次查看效率，效率非常高，消除排序后378毫秒之行结束

执行计划变为

-> Filter: <in_optimizer>((orders.O_CLERK,orders.O_ORDERDATE),(orders.O_CLERK,orders.O_ORDERDATE) in (select #2))  (cost=590764.20 rows=5645000)
    -> Table scan on orders  (cost=590764.20 rows=5645000)
    -> Select #2 (subquery in condition; run only once)
        -> Group aggregate (computed in earlier step): max(orders.O_ORDERDATE)
            -> Index range scan on orders using index_for_group_by(i_orders_clerk_date)  (cost=15589.00 rows=11135)

相同的索引，Oracle需要2秒，看IO消耗358ms，主要消耗在CPU上，Oracle的执行计划里面显示还是有排序的，这也是MySQL中的优势


Plan hash value: 2198191425

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                           | Name                | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows |   A-Time   | Buffers | Reads  |  OMem |  1Mem | Used-Mem |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT                    |                     |      1 |        |   5335 |00:00:02.22 |   46809 |  34371 |       |       |          |
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS                       |                     |      1 |   5371 |   5335 |00:00:02.22 |   46809 |  34371 |       |       |          |
|   2 |   NESTED LOOPS                      |                     |      1 |   5371 |   5335 |00:00:02.19 |   41509 |  33369 |       |       |          |
|   3 |    VIEW                             | VW_NSO_1            |      1 |   4000 |   4000 |00:00:02.15 |   32759 |  31450 |       |       |          |
|   4 |     HASH GROUP BY                   |                     |      1 |   4000 |   4000 |00:00:02.14 |   32759 |  31450 |  1214K|  1214K| 1485K (0)|
|   5 |      INDEX FAST FULL SCAN           | I_ORDERS_CLERK_DATE |      1 |   6000K|   6000K|00:00:01.06 |   32759 |  31450 |       |       |          |
|*  6 |    INDEX RANGE SCAN                 | I_ORDERS_CLERK_DATE |   4000 |      1 |   5335 |00:00:00.04 |    8750 |   1919 |       |       |          |
|   7 |   TABLE ACCESS BY GLOBAL INDEX ROWID| ORDERS              |   5335 |      1 |   5335 |00:00:00.03 |    5300 |   1002 |       |       |          |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   6 - access("O_CLERK"="O_CLERK" AND "O_ORDERDATE"="MAX(O_ORDERDATE)")

结论

单纯讨论压测TPS（TPM-C）值来评估哪个数据库更强，在我看来是没有意义的，因为硬件因素有着很重要的因素，也是看不出优化器或者表底层结构的区别的；今天我只是举了一个简单的SQL为例，对比说明Oracle和MySQL的执行效率，从中可以看到，当前场景下MySQL的执行效率是比Oracle高的，这也给我自己对数据库国产化增添了信心。

数据库是基础设施，最终为业务业务服务，能满足业务需求就是好数据库。

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作者：姚崇 Oracle OCM、MySQL OCP、Oceanbase OBCA、PingCAP PCTA认证，擅长基于Oracle、MySQL Performance Turning及多种关系型 NoSQL数据库。

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MySQL Case-带你感受Oracle与MySQL下SQL执行效率
Oracle中表结构如下，表中600万数据，测试表为分区表，这没关系，因为查询表中所有的数据，和单表一样
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